In sickle cell retinopathy, peripheral ischemia occurs due to the occlusion of small retinal blood vessels by sickle-shaped red blood cells, which have decreased flexibility and increased adhesion to vascular endothelium. These blockages cause oxygen deprivation in the peripheral retina, leading to tissue hypoxia, neovascularization (e.g., sea fan formations), and potential complications like vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment if left untreated.

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In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a standard treatment to reduce neovascularization and prevent vision loss. However, PRP may contribute to the formation of an epiretinal membrane (ERM) due to retinal inflammation and scarring. ERM can cause visual distortion and may require surgical peeling if it significantly impacts vision.

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Optic disc drusen appear as small, yellowish deposits within the optic nerve head and are visible on fundus examination, often with a lumpy or irregular appearance. These drusen can sometimes simulate optic disc edema, so accurate identification is essential. They may increase the risk of visual field defects and require monitoring for associated complications.

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An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a thin, fibrous layer that forms on the inner retinal surface, causing visual distortion and blurriness. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) shows ERM as a hyperreflective layer on the retina’s inner surface, often with retinal thickening and distortion. Treatment may involve observation or surgical removal (membrane peeling) if visual impairment is significant.

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Peripheral retinoschisis is a splitting of the retinal layers that can be mistaken for retinal detachment due to similar fundoscopic appearance. However, retinoschisis is generally more stable and lacks the subretinal fluid that characterizes a true detachment. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and careful clinical examination help distinguish between the two, avoiding unnecessary treatment.

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In degenerative myopia, a tessellated (or tigroid) fundus appears due to thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which reveals the underlying choroidal vasculature as a mosaic pattern. Red channel imaging enhances the contrast of this pattern, providing clear visualization of these structural changes.

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