X-linked retinoschisis | Ricardo Leitão Guerra, MD
24yo 
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the splitting of the retinal layers, leading to vision loss primarily in males. It involves mutations in the RS1 gene, affecting retinal structural proteins. Key features include radial streaks emanating from the fovea (spoke-wheel pattern), reduced visual acuity from childhood, and potential complications like vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment.
#retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW
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Central serous chorioretinopathy
38yo Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina. Fluorescein angiography (FA) typically shows ink blot leakage patterns, indicating fluid accumulation. En-face imaging of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) is useful for follow-up, allowing detailed visualization of fluid distribution and monitoring the resolution of subretinal fluid over time. #CSC #CentralSerousChorioretinopathy #FA […]
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Aneurysmal type 1 MNV
76yo A 76-year-old male presented with subretinal fluid involving the macula. Careful analysis of OCT and OCTA revealed the condition to be aneurysmal type 1 MNV (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy). Following a loading dose of anti-VEGF treatment, there was resolution of the fluid and significant improvement of the fibrovascular PED. #MNV #PolypoidalChoroidalVasculopathy #AntiVEGF #SubretinalFluid #OCT #OCTA #retina […]
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Retinal ischemia
76yo Inner retinal thinning observed on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can indicate chronic retinal ischemia or damage. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) showing areas of nonperfusion correlates with reduced blood flow and can further confirm the extent of ischemic damage. These findings are critical for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion. […]
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Unilateral optic disc pallor
62yo Unilateral optic disc pallor is often a sign of previous non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). NAION is characterized by sudden vision loss due to reduced blood flow to the optic nerve head. Optic disc pallor, visible upon fundus examination, indicates optic nerve atrophy and is a key finding in the aftermath of an acute […]
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ERM: Ectopic inner foveal layers
80yo Epiretinal membrane (ERM) can be evaluated using various imaging techniques. The blue and green channels in color fundus photography enhance contrast, making the ERM more visible. En-face imaging of the vitreoretinal interface (VRI) provides detailed views of the membrane’s extent. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) offers cross-sectional images to assess the membrane’s impact on retinal layers, […]
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Choroidal nevus
76yo Choroidal nevus is a benign pigmented lesion in the choroid. The red channel in color fundus photography and Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) imaging are useful for enhancing the visibility of the nevus. These imaging modalities help in monitoring the nevus for any changes that could indicate malignant transformation, providing detailed visualization of its structure and extent. […]
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Cystoid Macular Edema
74yo Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a common complication following cataract surgery, also known as pseudophakic macular edema. This condition results from inflammation and fluid accumulation in the macula, leading to visual impairment. Treatment typically involves topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and restore visual function. #CME #CataractSurgery #PseudophakicMacularEdema #TopicalTherapy #NSAIDs #Corticosteroids […]
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PDR: Persistent neovessels
29yo Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with persistent neovessels despite panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and anti-VEGF treatment poses a significant challenge. Continuous neovascularization indicates aggressive disease and may require additional or alternative therapeutic approaches, such as surgical intervention like vitrectomy to manage complications and preserve vision. #PDR #PersistentNeovessels #PRP #AntiVEGF #DiabeticRetinopathy #RetinaTreatment #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie […]
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Choroidal nevus
51yo Choroidal nevus is a benign pigmented lesion in the choroid, often monitored for potential malignant transformation. Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) imaging and the red channel in color fundus photography enhance the visibility of the nevus. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides detailed cross-sectional images to assess the nevus’s impact on retinal layers. OCT Angiography (OCTA) evaluates the […]
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Angioid Streaks
44yo Angioid streaks are bilateral, narrow, irregular lines radiating from the optic disc due to breaks in a weakened Bruch’s membrane. They are often associated with systemic diseases, most commonly pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Multimodal imaging analysis, including retinography, autofluorescence, OCT, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green, aid in diagnosis and follow-up. Although most patients are asymptomatic, they may experience […]
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Old CRVO
72yo Old Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) can be associated with glaucoma as a significant risk factor due to elevated intraocular pressure contributing to venous occlusion. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is often employed to treat ischemic areas and reduce the risk of neovascular complications, thereby stabilizing the retina and preventing further vision loss. #CRVO #Glaucoma #RiskFactor #PanretinalPhotocoagulation […]
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High-risk PDR
32yo High-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is characterized by extensive neovascularization, posing a significant threat to vision. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the standard treatment, aiming to regress neovascularization by creating controlled retinal burns that reduce oxygen demand and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. This procedure helps stabilize the condition and prevent severe vision loss. #PDR […]
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Branch retinal vein occlusion
66yo Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) often leads to peripheral ischemia, which can cause vision loss due to neovascular complications. Laser photocoagulation is used to treat these ischemic areas, reducing the risk of further complications by preventing neovascularization. #BRVO #PeripheralIschemia #LaserPhotocoagulation #RetinaImaging #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW
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Central retinal vein occlusion
36yo Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) in a young patient necessitates thorough systemic investigation. Potential underlying causes such as coagulopathies, autoimmune disorders, and systemic hypertension should be explored to identify and manage any contributing factors. Early systemic evaluation is crucial for appropriate treatment and to prevent recurrence or complications. #CRVO #SystemicInvestigation #YoungPatient #Coagulopathy #Retina #Ophthalmology #RetinaImaging […]
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Peripheral degeneration
42yo A 42-year-old man presents with lattice degenerations in the peripheral retina of the right eye. Ultra-widefield imaging perfectly documents these lesions. Due to a history of retinal detachment in the left eye, laser photocoagulation was chosen to treat the lesions. The Visulas Green VITE laser was used for this procedure. #LatticeDegeneration #RetinalDetachment #LaserPhotocoagulation #UltraWidefieldImaging #VisulasGreenVITE […]
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Acquired vitelliform lesion
78yo Acquired vitelliform lesions can develop due to vitreomacular traction syndrome. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) reveals the presence of subretinal hyperreflective material and vitreomacular interface abnormalities. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) highlights the accumulation of lipofuscin, providing further detail on the lesion’s composition and progression. #VitelliformLesion #VitreomacularTraction #OCT #FAF #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία […]
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PDR: Single-session panretinal photocoagulation
31yo Single-session panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) has both advantages and disadvantages. Pros: Reduced number of clinic visits, saving time for both patients and healthcare providers. Immediate and comprehensive treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, reducing the risk of further complications. Decreased overall treatment duration and faster stabilization of the condition. Cons: Higher risk of patient discomfort and pain […]
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AMD: Geographic atrophy
76yo Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with geographic atrophy requires multimodal retinal evaluation. Hyporeflective core drusen on OCT serve as a risk biomarker for progression to advanced AMD stages. OCT Angiography (OCTA) can confirm the absence of macular neovascularization (MNV), helping in the comprehensive assessment of the disease. #AMD #GeographicAtrophy #MultimodalEvaluation #HyporeflectiveCoreDrusen #OCTA #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia […]
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Persistent diabetic macular edema
75yo Persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) despite intravitreal anti-VEGF and corticosteroids can be due to traction caused by an epiretinal membrane (ERM). Surgical intervention, such as vitrectomy with ERM peeling, is often necessary. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) follow-up after surgery is crucial to monitor the resolution of traction and assess the reduction in macular edema. #DME […]
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DME: Telangiectatic capillaries
75yo Telangiectatic capillaries (TelCap) can contribute to persistent diabetic macular edema (DME). En-face imaging helps identify these abnormal capillaries, highlighting their distribution and extent. Focal laser photocoagulation is used to target and seal these TelCaps, reducing edema and improving retinal health. #TelCap #DME #EnFaceImaging #LaserPhotocoagulation #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 […]
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Not just drusen – Type 3 MNV
74yo Check out this case: A 73-year-old male presented with apparent non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the right eye. True color imaging revealed multiple confluent soft drusen across the macular area. FAF-green imaging showed hypoautofluorescent spots over some of these drusen. SD-OCT B-scan images clearly depicted the drusen as homogeneous, medium-to-high reflectivity elevations of the […]
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Type 3 Macular Neovascularization
74yo Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by neovascular growth within the retinal layers. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) effectively visualizes these intraretinal neovascular networks. Anti-VEGF therapy is the primary treatment, reducing neovascular activity and associated fluid to preserve vision. #Type3MNV #AMD #OCTA #AntiVEGF #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie […]
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Paracentral acute middle maculopathy
62yo Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM) is characterized by ischemia in the deep capillary plexus, visible on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA). OCTA reveals flow voids and capillary dropout in the deep plexus, corresponding to the areas of retinal ischemia. This imaging modality is crucial for diagnosing PAMM and understanding its impact on retinal health. #PAMM […]
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Cystoid Macular Edema
74yo Cystoid macular edema (CME) is characterized by fluid-filled cystic spaces within the macula. Fluorescein angiography typically reveals a petalloid pattern of dye leakage in the macula. Topical therapy, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids, can be effective in reducing inflammation and fluid accumulation, thereby improving visual acuity. #CME #FluoresceinAngiography #PetalloidPattern #TopicalTherapy #NSAIDs #Corticosteroids #RetinaImaging […]
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Franceschetti’s sign
41yo Franceschetti’s sign in ocular toxoplasmosis refers to retinal traction bands extending from a retinochoroiditis scar to the optic disc. These bands typically link an old scar to the optic disc, indicative of previous inflammation. Toxoplasmosis scars feature well-defined borders, central retinochoroidal atrophy, and peripheral pigment epithelial hyperplasia. I this case, the band links the optic […]
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Non-neovascular AMD
96yo Non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to complete Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Outer Retinal Atrophy (cRORA). Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) highlights areas of RPE loss, while en-face OCT at the choroidal level shows hyper-transmission due to increased light penetration through atrophic regions. These imaging modalities are crucial for assessing the extent of atrophy and monitoring […]
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
31yo Images reveal the delicate yet tragic retinal changes in a 31-year-old patient diagnosed with diabetes just 20 days ago. Early signs of diabetic retinopathy may be present, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive eye care and management. These initial changes underscore the critical importance of regular monitoring and early intervention to preserve vision in diabetic […]
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Peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation
38yo Peripapillary choroidal cavitations is characterized by the splitting of choroidal layers, commonly seen in eyes with high myopia. This condition can lead to vision impairment due to the associated structural changes. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is essential for diagnosing and monitoring, providing detailed images of the choroidal and retinal layers. Treatment options are limited, focusing […]
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BRVO: Peripheral ischemia
69yo Old Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) often results in chronic peripheral ischemia and various vascular abnormalities. Fluorescein angiography is crucial for visualizing these changes, revealing areas of non-perfusion and abnormal vessel growth. In cases with significant ischemia, laser photocoagulation is a common treatment to reduce the risk of neovascular complications. This targeted laser therapy helps […]
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Glaucoma – peripapillary hemorrhage
58yo In glaucoma, peripapillary hemorrhages are indicative of optic nerve damage and progressive visual field loss. These hemorrhages are often subtle and may be best visualized using the green channel of color fundus photography, which enhances the contrast of blood vessels against the retinal background. Detecting these hemorrhages is critical for monitoring glaucoma progression and adjusting […]
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Pathologic myopia and macular hole
44yo Pathologic myopia is a severe form of nearsightedness associated with structural changes in the eye, such as scleral thinning and staphyloma. These alterations increase the eye’s curvature, often causing mirroring artifacts in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans. These artifacts can complicate the interpretation of retinal and choroidal structures, necessitating careful adjustment and analysis to accurately […]
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Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
46yo Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is a benign retinal condition characterized by dark, flat lesions on the retina. These lesions often contain lacunae—small, hypopigmented areas within the larger CHRPE spot. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) presents hypo-autofluorescence, aiding in the detailed visualization and differentiation of CHRPE from other retinal pathologies. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia […]
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Optic disc drusen and Soft drusen
74yo Optic disc drusen (ODD) are deposits located within the optic nerve head, often leading to visual field defects. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a valuable imaging technique for detecting ODD, as it highlights these drusen with high specificity. FAF can help in differentiating ODD from other optic nerve pathologies and in monitoring disease progression. Soft drusen […]
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Geographic atrophy and pseudodrusen
56yo Pseudodrusen are subretinal deposits associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), often linked to the development of geographic atrophy (GA). Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen (EMAP) describes severe GA in the presence of pseudodrusen, characterized by widespread retinal atrophy and significant visual impairment. Identifying pseudodrusen and monitoring GA progression are crucial for managing patients with non-neovascular […]
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Geographic atrophy
76yo Geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is marked by the loss of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. On OCT en face imaging, GA areas are often associated with choroidal hyper-transmission signals, indicating increased light penetration through the atrophied regions. This imaging feature helps in identifying and delineating GA progression in AMD patients. #retina […]
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MNV Type-1 and RPE Tear
79yo Type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV), commonly associated with subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) growth, may not be fully visualized on standard 6×6 mm OCTA scans. However, wide-field OCTA, with its 12×12 mm view, captures the entire extent of these lesions, providing a comprehensive assessment of the neovascular complex and its spread beyond the central macula. Fundus […]
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Ischemic CRVO
63yo Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) is a severe form of retinal vein occlusion characterized by extensive retinal ischemia. Wide-field Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) offers a more extensive view of the retinal vasculature compared to standard OCTA, capturing regions beyond the posterior pole. Although it doesn’t cover the entire retinal periphery, it effectively reveals […]
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Diabetic retinopathy: ERM
75yo Diabetic macular edema (DME) refractory to intravitreal treatment, sometimes exacerbated by the presence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM), can significantly impair visual acuity. Standard treatments, such as anti-VEGF or corticosteroids, may be insufficient. However, vitrectomy with ERM peeling has been shown to improve visual and anatomical outcomes in these cases by relieving traction on the […]
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AMD: Type 3 MNV
73yo Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV) is characterized by neovascular growth originating from the deep capillary plexus, extending into the retinal layers. This subtype, also known as retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), can be effectively visualized using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA). OCTA provides detailed imaging of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature, facilitating the detection of abnormal […]
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Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
88yo Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy (CACD) is a genetic disorder causing progressive atrophy of the central choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), leading to central vision loss. Autofluorescence imaging highlights RPE damage, showing areas of hypo-autofluorescence. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) reveals thinning of the choroid and RPE atrophy, crucial for monitoring disease progression. #CACD #ChoroidalDystrophy #Autofluorescence […]
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Neurofibromatosis Type 1
53yo Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1) often features Yasunari nodules, lesions located in the choroid. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance imaging effectively highlights these choroidal nodules, making them more visible than other imaging methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) helps confirm their location and structure in the choroid, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of NF-1. #NF1 #NIRReflectance #OCTImaging #Choroid […]
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ERM – Macular Pseudohole
62yo Epiretinal membrane (ERM) with macular pseudohole can distort the macula, leading to visual impairment. Surgery, typically a vitrectomy with membrane peeling, often improves visual acuity by restoring the macular contour. Postoperative images usually show the resolution of the pseudohole and the reformation of the macular structure, reflecting significant visual recovery. #ERM #MacularPseudohole #Vitrectomy #MacularSurgery #retina […]
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BRVO – Macular schemia
84yo -
Blonde fundus
41 Blonde fundus appearance refers to a retinal phenotype characterized by a light-colored or pale fundus, often seen in individuals with lighter skin tones or albinism. This appearance is due to a lower density of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanin and choroidal pigmentation, providing a clearer view of the choroidal vessels. It is important to differentiate […]
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Hemispheric Retinal Vein Occlusion
70yo Ischemic hemispheric retinal vein occlusion (HRVO) is a severe form of retinal vein occlusion affecting half of the retina, leading to significant ischemia and potential vision loss. Diagnosis and Imaging: Blue channel imaging enhances the visualization of retinal vasculature and ischemic areas, providing a clear assessment of retinal non-perfusion and hemorrhages. This imaging is crucial […]
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Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
66yo Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) in the nasal region, without macular involvement, typically presents asymptomatically. While the affected area may show retinal hemorrhages or vascular changes, the central vision remains unaffected due to the sparing of the macula. Observation and regular monitoring are recommended to ensure no progression towards the macula. Visit www.retinography.org for more […]
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Commotio retinae
32yo Commotio retinae is a retinal condition resulting from blunt ocular trauma. Characterized by transient retinal whitening and a sheen-like appearance, it primarily affects the outer retinal layers, specifically the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) junctions. Vision loss is usually temporary but can be severe if involving the macula. The prognosis often depends on the […]
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Lattice degeneration
28yo Lattice degeneration is a condition characterized by thinning and weakening of the peripheral retina, predisposing individuals to retinal tears and detachment. When retinal detachment occurs in one eye, the fellow eye is at increased risk due to similar degenerative changes. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are crucial to prevent detachment and preserve vision in both […]
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AMD – Type 1 MNV
83yo Type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retinal pigment epithelium, often associated with age-related macular degeneration. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is crucial for detecting and monitoring Type 1 MNV, providing detailed images of blood flow and vascular structure without the need for dye injection. This non-invasive technique […]
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AMD – Soft drusen
83yo Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with soft drusen involves the accumulation of extracellular material beneath the retina, leading to vision loss. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging detects changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, while optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides detailed cross-sectional images of drusen. These imaging techniques are essential for early diagnosis, monitoring progression, and guiding treatment. […]
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Choroidal rupture
32yo Choroidal rupture, often caused by blunt ocular trauma, can lead to subretinal hemorrhage. This condition results in damage to the choroid and underlying structures, causing vision loss. Immediate symptoms may include, blurry vision, and visual field defects. Prompt evaluation and treatment are essential to manage hemorrhage and prevent further complications. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología […]
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Degenerative retinoschisis & retinal detachment
40yo Degenerative retinoschisis involves the splitting of retinal layers, which can lead to retinal detachment if a tear occurs in both layers, such as in this case. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW
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Ischemic diabetic maculopathy
49yo Ischemic maculopathy in diabetic retinopathy involves reduced blood flow to the macula, leading to vision loss. OCT-angiography (OCT-A) is a non-invasive imaging technique that visualizes retinal blood flow, enabling early detection of ischemic areas. OCT-A provides detailed maps of capillary perfusion, aiding in diagnosis and management. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία […]
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Epiretinal membrane
69yo A beautiful case of an epiretinal membrane peeled from the retina surface. Blue channel allows an enhanced visualization of the inner retinal layers allowing a better surgery planning.
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Operculated hole
75yo Operculated hole occurs due to the vitreous traction over the flap of the retinal tear, resulting in the separation of the flap (suspended within the posterior hyaloid above the retinal surface). In this case, the symptomatic hole was treated using laser photocoagulation.
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Retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento
53yo Multimodal Imaging analysis in a case of Retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento. Genetic test found gene FAM161A – c.1355_1356del (p.Thr452Serfs*3) homozigous.
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Pseudodrusen
77yo Multimodal retinal imaging analysis of pseudodrusen in a 77yo asymptomatic female.
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Inherited retinal arteriolar tortuosity
39 “Familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity is a rare disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by a pathognomic pattern of progressive, pronounced tortuosity of the arterioles of second and third order in the macular and peripapillary area developing during childhood or early adulthood.” Ref: https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(03)00029-8/fulltext
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X-linked retinoschisis
24yo X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the splitting of the retinal layers, leading to vision loss primarily in males. It involves mutations in the RS1 gene, affecting retinal structural proteins. Key features include radial streaks emanating from the fovea (spoke-wheel pattern), reduced visual acuity from childhood, and potential complications like vitreous hemorrhage […]
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MacTel Type 2
69yo Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel Type 2) often presents with specific clinical features, including telangiectatic capillaries, which are dilated and leaky blood vessels near the fovea; crystalline deposits, which appear as reflective intraretinal spots; pigment migration, showing hyperpigmented patches within the retina; and leakage of dye in fluorescein angiography, indicating vascular permeability. These signs are […]
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Cystoid macular edema
75yo Cystoid macular edema (CME) is characterized by fluid-filled cystic spaces in the macula. Enface OCT imaging reveals these cystic spaces as hyporeflective areas within the retinal layers, offering a detailed topographical view of the extent and distribution of edema. This imaging technique aids in assessing treatment response and disease progression. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia […]
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Quiescent type 1 MNV
80yo Quiescent type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) is a form of neovascular AMD without exudation or hemorrhage. Detection using OCT Angiography (OCTA) involves identifying abnormal blood vessels in the sub-RPE space without fluid accumulation. OCTA allows for non-invasive visualization and monitoring, crucial for timely intervention before the onset of exudative changes. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología […]
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Stargardt disease
59yo Stargardt disease, associated with mutations in the ABCA4 gene, is the most common form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration. It is characterized by progressive loss of central vision, often beginning in childhood or adolescence. The disease leads to the accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium, visible as yellowish flecks on imaging studies, predominantly […]
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Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
68yo True color and green channel images of a ruptured Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm (RAM). RAM is a localized dilation of a retinal artery, often associated with systemic hypertension and arteriosclerosis. It can cause vision loss due to macular edema, hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. Diagnosis typically involves fundus examination and fluorescein angiography, while management may include observation, […]
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Branch retinal vein occlusion
67yo Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common vascular disorder of the retina that results in vision loss due to the blockage of the retinal vein. In the acute phase often presents hemorrhages and retinal edema. Post anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) treatment, imaging typically shows reduced edema and hemorrhage, indicating improved retinal health. Anti-VEGF […]
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Retinitis pigmentosa
41yo Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive genetic disorder characterized by the degeneration of photoreceptor cells, primarily affecting night and peripheral vision. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a key diagnostic tool in monitoring RP, utilizing the natural fluorescence of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to detect areas of activity and atrophy. FAF imaging helps identify […]
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Fundus albipunctatus
65yo Fundus albipunctatus, caused by the RDH5 gene variant c.592del (p.Ile198Tyrfs*15), such as this case, is a rare form of congenital stationary night blindness characterized by white dots in the fundus, with symptoms typically improving over time. This autosomal recessive disorder impacts visual adaptation to darkness due to retinol dehydrogenase deficiency. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología […]
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Drusen evolving to GA
77yo Drusen regression in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can precede the emergence of geographic atrophy (GA). As drusen, which are lipid deposits beneath the retina, decrease in size or number, there may be increased exposure of underlying retinal tissue to damage, potentially accelerating GA development. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 […]
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GA evolution
83yo Geographic atrophy (GA) evolves over time, showing increasing areas of hypoautofluorescence on fundus autofluorescence due to photoreceptor and RPE cell loss. This progression can be quantified and monitored, helping to evaluate the effectiveness of potential treatments and understanding disease dynamics. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW Disclosure: All […]
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AMD – Geographic atrophy
86yo Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration characterized by the progressive loss of retinal cells. On fundus autofluorescence, GA areas typically appear as well-defined zones of decreased autofluorescence, reflecting the loss of photoreceptors and RPE cells. The use of green light can enhance contrast in these areas, aiding in clearer delineation. […]
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Proliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy
38yo Sickle cell retinopathy is a manifestation of sickle cell disease, an inherited hemoglobinopathy. It presents with various ocular symptoms resulting from chronic hypoxia and ischemia. These conditions trigger the overexpression of vascular growth factors, leading to retinal neovascularization, pre-retinal or vitreous hemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachment. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία […]
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Type 1 MNV
74yo Type 1 neovascularization (NVM) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves abnormal blood vessel growth beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. These neovascular membranes are primarily diagnosed through OCT and fluorescein angiography, showing leakage and progressive vision loss. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW Disclosure: All images featured in this […]
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Valsalva Retinopathy
29yo Valsalva retinopathy is a condition where sudden increases in intraocular venous pressure lead to retinal capillary rupture, causing preretinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography in these cases typically shows an absence of fluorescein leakage, which helps differentiate it from other causes of hemorrhage. #retina #oftalmo #ophthalmology #oftalmologia #oftalmología #ophtalmologie #офтальмологія #офтальмология #οφθαλμολογία #retinography2024 #CIRRUS6000 #CLARUS700 #ZEISSRETINAWORKFLOW Disclosure: […]
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Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
41yo A 41yo male presented with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (macula on) and multiple retinal tears, the larger one was superior. He was treated by primary pars plana vitrectomy. Forty days after surgery BCVA was 20/20 and C3F8 was filling 1/3 of the vitreous cavity. Vitrectomy with gas injection is a common treatment for retinal detachment, involving […]
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Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa
64yo Sector retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare form of RP characterized by regionalized pigmentary changes in the retina. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is valuable for assessing the extent of retinal degeneration, showing hyperautofluorescent rings indicating areas of active disease and hypoautofluorescent zones where photoreceptors have degenerated. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired […]
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Stargardt disease
61yo Stargardt disease, a genetic eye disorder, is characterized by central vision loss. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring Stargardt disease by revealing characteristic flecks and areas of decreased autofluorescence due to lipofuscin accumulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using […]
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Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
39yo Multimodal imaging evaluation in a case of acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Fluorescein angiography presents ink-blot pattern. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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Diabetic tractional retinal detachment
46yo True color fundus images in a case os tractional retinal detachment due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with pars plana vitrectomy. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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Central retinal vein occlusion
79yo Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) manifests as retinal hemorrhages and venous engorgement. Fluorescein angiography is vital for assessing retinal perfusion, particularly highlighting areas of non-perfusion like the horizontal raphe in this case. The lack of perfusion indicates ischemia, guiding the prognosis and treatment strategy. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed […]
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DONFL
78yo Multimodal imaging analysis in a a case of Dissociated Optic Nerve Fiber Layer (DONFL) appearance after internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole. The DONFL appears after vitrectomy, showing as slit-like, arcuate defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer, particularly visible using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The analysis through different color channels enhances visualization, […]
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Retinitis pigmentosa
43yo True color and fungus autofluorescence (green wavelength) in a case of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genetic test confirmed MYO7A (c.3979G>A (p.Glu1327Lys) homozygous Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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Optic disc drusen
23yo In this case, fundus autofluorescence both green and blue were able to identify the presence of an optic disc drusen. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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Acquired vitelliform lesion
92yo Acquired vitelliform lesions (AVL) linked to Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) present as yellowish round subretinal deposits detectable on fundus examination. Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF) imaging is crucial for AVL detection, showing increased autofluorescence due to lipofuscin accumulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. These lesions differ from typical AMD deposits and can signify an advanced AMD stage. […]
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Cuticular drusen
52yo True color and RGB channels in a case of cuticular drusen. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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AMD – Soft drusen
60yo True color, green and red channels in a case of age-related macular degeneration presenting soft confluent drusen. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive assessment.
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Branch retinal artery occlusion
71yo FIGURE 1) True color fundus image allow the identification of a yellowish cholesterol emboli (Hollenhorst plaque) obstructing the inferno-temporal artery branch and the retinal whitening of the affected area. FIGURE 2) Fundus autofluorescence presented a marked hyperautfluorescence of the cholesterol emboli. FIGURE 3, 4 and 5) Fluorescein angiography is extremely helpful determining the extension of the ischemia, as well as […]
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
49 YO True color image shows several microvascular abnormalities, exudates and neovascularization. Fluorescein angiography enhance the identification of the microvascular abnormalities, such as microaneurysms, IRMA’s, ischemic areas and several neovascularizations. Treatment was performed by panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in one session using Visulas Green VITE (multi spot laser). Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired […]
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Acute CSC
38yo Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) typically presents with serous retinal detachment, primarily affecting the central macula. Key imaging tools include OCT, showing fluid accumulation under the retina, and fluorescein angiography, which often reveals a “smokestack” or “inkblot” leakage pattern. Most cases resolve spontaneously, but monitoring is essential. Disclosure: All images featured in this post […]
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Myopic MNV
39yo Myopic neovascularization, linked to high myopia, shows distinctive features across multiple imaging modalities. OCT reveals subretinal neovascular membranes with fluid. Fluorescein angiography highlights leakage from these membranes, while OCT angiography provides detailed vascular imaging without dye use, critical for precise treatment planning. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using […]
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Aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization
89yo Aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization refers to a subtype of choroidal neovascularization characterized by polypoidal lesions. It is typically identified using OCT and ICGA, showing branching vascular networks with aneurysmal dilations. This condition may require anti-VEGF therapy and sometimes photodynamic therapy, particularly in treatment-resistant cases. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and […]
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Cuticular Drusen
32yo Cuticular drusen, also known as basal laminar drusen, are small, round yellow deposits beneath the retina, often clustered. They are visible in early adulthood and can be mistaken for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Imaging techniques like OCT and fluorescein angiography are crucial for accurate diagnosis and monitoring. In the context of OCT imaging, hyper transmission […]
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Choroidal rupture
68yo Choroidal rupture is a break in the choroid layer of the eye, commonly resulting from blunt trauma. These ruptures can cause hemorrhages and may lead to complications like choroidal neovascularization. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent vision loss and stabilize ocular health. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and […]
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Horseshoe tear
58 Horseshoe tears, also known as flap tears, are a type of retinal tear often associated with vitreous detachment. These tears are called “horseshoe” due to their characteristic shape. Utilizing the blue channel in diagnostic imaging enhances the visualization of these tears, aiding in accurate detection and assessment. Prompt treatment through laser or cryotherapy is crucial […]
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Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
41 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina, leading to a serous detachment and vision distortion. Commonly affecting young to middle-aged adults, especially men, CSC is often linked to stress and corticosteroid use. Symptoms include blurred vision and micropsia. The condition is usually self-limiting, with most cases […]
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Foveal hypoplasia
30yo Foveal hypoplasia is a developmental anomaly where the fovea, the central depression of the retina responsible for sharp vision, fails to develop properly. This condition may go unnoticed until identified on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which reveals the absence of the typical foveal pit and continued presence of inner retinal layers across the foveal area. […]
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Drusen with hyporeflective core
88 Drusen with a hyporeflective core on optical coherence tomography (OCT) are a subtype of retinal drusen characterized by a dark central region within the typically hyperreflective lesion. These features suggest the presence of a liquefied lipid pool or cellular debris. The presence of drusen with hyporeflective cores is particularly noted in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) […]
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Choroidal nevus
75 A choroidal nevus is a benign pigmented eye lesion. Red channel imaging enhances visualization of these nevi by suppressing background pigmentation, aiding in monitoring changes over time. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures high-quality, detailed visual data for comprehensive […]
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Bear track CHRPE
62 Bear track CHRPE refers to multiple, grouped lesions of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, resembling bear paw prints. These benign lesions are typically harmless and found during eye exams, requiring no treatment. However, these lesions can be associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a genetic condition that increases colon cancer risk, necessitating systemic […]
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Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
72 Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is characterized by darkly pigmented, benign lesions in the retina, often detected during routine eye examinations. It is typically asymptomatic and does not require treatment. Disclosure: All images featured in this post were acquired and analyzed using devices integrated within the Zeiss Retina Workflow. This ensures […]
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Peripapillary detachment in pathologic myopia
39 Peripapillary detachment in pathologic myopia involves the separation of retina layers near the optic nerve, often seen in severely myopic eyes.
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Bull’s eye maculopathy related to antimalarial drugs
81 yo Bull’s eye maculopathy related to antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, is a form of retinal toxicity characterized by concentric rings of retinal pigment epithelium loss around the fovea. This condition results in vision changes, including loss of central vision. Regular ophthalmic screenings are crucial as the risk increases with the duration of drug […]
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Yasunari Nodules – Neurofibromatosis Type 1
48yo Multimodal retinal imaging analysis in a case of Neurofibromatosis type 1.
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MYOPIC CONUS
81 yo Myopic conus in a multimodal imaging analysis. Such finding is generally recognized as a grayish or whitish area triangular shaped on the temporal side of the optic nerve in the fundus of myopic patients.
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MYOPIC STRETCH LINES
81 yo Myopic stretch lines are irregular, branching lines found at the posterior pole of highly myopic eyes. Stretch lines are believed to represent the retinal pigment epithelium under stress and may be precursors of lacquer cracks, and are distinguished from them by their pigmented brown appearance on fundoscopy.
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SITUS INVERSUS IN MYOPIC EYE
78 yo Situs inversus of the optic disc is an abnormality associated with high myopia, optic disc coloboma or tilted optic disc. It is characterized by emergence of the retinal vessels in an anomalous direction with dysversion of the optic disc.
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Pseudodrusen
79yo 79-year-old female patient presenting pseudodrusen through multimodal imaging analysis. Such subretinal drusenoid deposits are better visualized in blue channel, NIR reflectance and FAF.
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Congenital Simple Hamartoma of Retinal Pigment Epithelium
37yo An asymptomatic 37yo male presenting a heavy pigmented small lesion presumed as a Congenital Simple Hamartoma of Retinal Pigment Epithelium.
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Macular Telangiectasia – Type 2
73yo Multimodal imaging in a case of Macular Telangiectasia type 2 (MACTEL)
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Retained lens fragments
76 A 76 yo female presented posterior capsule tear and retained lens fragments during phacoemulsification. Vitrectomy was performed 3 days later and final BCVA was 20/20.